Category: Innovation

Compared to individuals who served in World War II and those who awaited their return, recent research indicates that the average human brain size has increased by 6.6%. Additionally, modern brains exhibit approximately a 15% increase in surface area.

These findings suggest a potential advantage for contemporary humans in combating neurodegenerative diseases like dementia, which often correlate with brain shrinkage.

The study, conducted by a team at UC Davis, analyzed brain changes over 75 years across generations. Dr. Charles DeCarli, the director of the UC Davis Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, notes that larger brain structures observed in the study may signify enhanced brain development and health, potentially serving as a buffer against age-related brain diseases.

Published in JAMA Neurology, the study utilized brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) from participants in the Framingham Heart Study conducted between 1999 and 2019. This ongoing study, initiated in 1948, examines cardiovascular and other diseases among participants spanning multiple generations.

Dr. DeCarli highlights the impact of birth decade on brain size and long-term health, stating that life choices, such as those related to health, social activity, and education, may influence brain size.

The study, involving 3,226 participants with an average age of around 57 at the time of the MRI, revealed consistent increases in several brain structures over time. For instance, individuals born in the 1970s exhibited a 6.6% greater brain volume compared to those born in the 1930s. Moreover, cortical surface area increased by nearly 15% over the same period.

Despite the growing elderly population in the United States, the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease is decreasing, which may be partly attributed to improved brain health and size. A prior study reported a 20% reduction in dementia incidence per decade since the 1970s.

I really want to know what caused this change. Hopefully they will do more research on it. Also, I would expect that bigger brains would make you smarter. Unfortunately, I can’t say I have seen any real-life evidence for that… 😉

On Tuesday, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a novel treatment developed by Merck, Winrevair, aimed at treating a severe and progressive lung disease, marking a significant advancement for both the pharmaceutical company and individuals diagnosed with the rare condition.

Winrevair has been authorized for the treatment of adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a condition affecting roughly 40,000 Americans. This drug stands out as the first to directly tackle the underlying cause of PAH, whereas existing medications have focused on symptom management.

PAH is characterized by the narrowing of small blood vessels in the lungs, leading to elevated blood pressure in the arteries that transport blood from the heart to the lungs. This condition can severely damage the heart and limit physical activity, with a 43% mortality rate within five years of diagnosis, according to data from Merck.

Merck anticipates that Winrevair will be accessible through selected specialty pharmacies in the U.S. by the end of April. The medication, which is administered as an injection every three weeks, will be available in kits containing either one or two vials.

The cost of Winrevair is expected to be set at $14,000 per vial before insurance adjustments, as stated by a Merck representative. However, the company is offering a program to assist eligible patients with their out-of-pocket expenses and copayments.

Designed to be used in conjunction with other treatments for PAH, Winrevair aims to enhance exercise capacity, alleviate the severity of the condition, and lower the risk of disease progression.

This FDA approval is particularly crucial for Merck as it seeks to diversify its revenue sources ahead of the 2028 patent expiration of its best-selling cancer drug, Keytruda.

The approval was based on the results of a late-stage clinical trial involving over 300 PAH patients at a moderate stage of the disease who were already on another treatment for their condition. The trial demonstrated that patients taking Winrevair in addition to their existing therapy could walk approximately 40.8 meters further in six minutes after 24 weeks compared to those on a placebo.

The improvement in mobility and the increased ability to exercise is tremendous, as PAH significantly restricts patients’ physical activities due to symptoms like severe shortness of breath. Moreover, when combined with another medication, Winrevair notably achieved eight out of nine secondary objectives in the study, including an 84% reduction in the risk of death or deterioration of the condition compared to those on an existing treatment alone.

A recent study has revealed a potential future treatment for HIV involving the use of molecular tools to remove HIV DNA from infected cells. This technique employs CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology, recognized for its precision in altering a patient’s genetic makeup, an achievement acknowledged with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020.

HIV poses a challenge in treatment due to its ability to integrate into the host’s DNA, complicating eradication efforts. However, CRISPR-Cas offers a promising avenue to target and isolate HIV DNA

Given the virus’s ability to infect diverse cells and tissues in the body, researchers aim to develop a method effective across these different environments.

The study, to be presented at the upcoming European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, utilized CRISPR-Cas along with specific guide RNAs to target conserved HIV sequences. This approach demonstrated significant antiviral efficacy, effectively neutralizing HIV and removing viral DNA.

Associate Professor Elena Herrera Carrillo from the University of Amsterdam AMC emphasized the significance of these findings, describing them as a step forward in developing a cure strategy.

Although the path to clinical application is long, the researchers are encouraged by these initial results. Currently, HIV is managed with antiretroviral medication, but true cures remain elusive. Dr. Carrillo stressed the importance of balancing efficacy and safety in this potential cure strategy.

There’s great news for some Americans: inhalers are set to become significantly more affordable.

Three leading inhaler manufacturers have committed to capping the out-of-pocket costs of their inhaler products and similar respiratory medications at $35 a month for certain patients in the U.S.

GlaxoSmithKline, a British pharmaceutical company, announced its price cap last week, joining AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim in this initiative.

However, Teva Pharmaceuticals, another key player in the inhaler market, has yet to announce a similar price cap.

These cost-capping measures by the three companies will not be implemented immediately and are the result of mounting pressures rather than spontaneous decisions.

In January, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions initiated an inquiry into the pricing practices of these four companies, questioning why inhalers cost more in the U.S. than in other nations.

This scrutiny is part of ongoing criticism and public frustration directed at the wider pharmaceutical industry for high healthcare expenses in the U.S. Following similar pressure, last year Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi significantly reduced the prices of certain insulin products for some U.S. patients.

So, who depends on inhalers, and what do they typically cost?

Inhalers are essential for people with chronic respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), allowing them to manage symptoms and provide relief during severe episodes, such as asthma attacks.

Approximately 25 million Americans live with asthma, and about 16 million are affected by COPD. The high cost of inhalers has forced many patients to ration their use, a concerning practice highlighted by the Senate HELP committee in January.

For a pricing comparison, most of these respirators are between $300-600 in the U.S., whereas they are generally between $9-50 in USD equivalent in many European countries.

A forthcoming vaccine for Lyme disease is undergoing its final clinical trial, announced by French pharmaceutical company Valneva, in collaboration with Pfizer. This vaccine, dubbed VLA5, demonstrated a robust immune response during Phase 2 trials.

The upcoming Phase 3 trial will enlist 6,000 participants worldwide, focusing on regions with high Lyme disease prevalence such as Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the United States. By targeting the outer surface protein (OspA) of the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria transmitted by ticks, the vaccine aims to prevent human infection.

Annaliesa Anderson, Ph.D., Senior Vice President and Head of Vaccine Research & Development at Pfizer, expressed anticipation for the Phase 3 results, emphasizing collaboration with research sites in the U.S. and Europe.

With over 476,000 annual Lyme disease cases in the U.S. and a 5.8 percent global incidence rate, the potential impact of this vaccine is substantial. Given Lyme disease’s capacity to progress into chronic illness, the prospect of preventing debilitating conditions for millions is a significant development.