The Mystery of the Nazca Culture
After nearly a century of searching, archaeologists used AI to survey the Nazca Desert in Peru, uncovering an additional 303 geoglyphs in a single study period.
Nazca’s geoglyphs remain one of anthropology’s great puzzles. Why did the Nazca culture, active around the first century BCE, carve these vast patterns of animals and human figures into the desert floor? The research team—scientists and archaeologists from Japan, France, Germany, and New York—trained their AI model with only 430 known geoglyphs, unlike medical AI that studies thousands of images. When tasked with scanning aerial photographs of the desert, the AI flagged 47,000 potential matches. The team narrowed this down to 1,309 high-potential candidates and then identified 303 new geoglyphs through field verification and drone support.
Of these 303, 178 were suggested by the AI, while 125 were discovered in the field. Notably, 66 were part of an AI-identified cluster, while 59 were found independently of AI. The purpose of the Nazca lines remains unclear. Theories suggest they could be a calendar, a ceremonial site, or have played a role in communication or ritual. The symbols, classified as either line-type or relief-type, vary significantly. Line-type geoglyphs are large, geometric, and visible only from the air, averaging about 90 meters (300 feet). Relief-types, depicting humans, heads, or animals, are much smaller, often visible from the ground.